Thought grammar was a mere detail in your language learning process? We’re here to deliver some bad news: you’ve got it all wrong.
While it is possible to learn French grammar by traveling, watching TV shows, or simply reading grammar books, understanding (and memorizing) French grammar rules is the cornerstone to mastering the subtleties of the language.
Gymglish has carefully selected the 10 most common French grammar mistakes our Portuguese-speaking users have made over the past year. We’re not here to point fingers.*
1) Être and avoir
Être means ‘to be’. We commonly use it to give our nationality and profession, or to describe people and things.
être
Je suis
Tu es
Il est
Nous sommes
Vous êtes
Ils sont
Avoir means ‘to have’. We use it to say our age (unlike English which uses the verb ‘to be’), or talk about things in our possession.
avoir
J’ai
Tu as
Il a
Nous avons
Vous avez
Ils ont
Examples:
Victor Hugo est Français et il est écrivain. Victor Hugo is French and he is a writer.
Il a 210 ans et il a un livre dans la main. He is 210 years old and he has a book in his hand.
Want to know more about être and avoir? Click here!
2) Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns replace nouns which have just been mentioned. In English, we use the pronouns ‘this one’, ‘that one’, ‘these’, and ‘those’. They must agree in gender and in number.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
| Singular | celui | celle |
| Plural | ceux | celles |
Examples:
– J’adore la barbe de Victor. – Oui, mais moi je préfère celle de Marcel. -I love Victor’s beard. -Yes but I prefer Marcel’s. (celle = la barbe, feminine singular)
De tous les livres que j’ai lus, ceux de Victor sont mes préférés. Of all the books I’ve read, those of Victor’s are my favorites. (ceux = les livres, masculine plural)
We add the suffixes -ci and -là to specify something or someone.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
| Singular | celui-ci, celui-là | celle-ci, celle-là |
| Plural | ceux-ci, ceux-là | celles-ci, celles-là |
Examples:
– Ces chaussures sont magnifiques! – Moi, je préfère celles-là. -These shoes are amazing! -I prefer those ones. (celles-là = the other shoes that are there, not here)
–Ci refers to something which is close by, –là refers to another thing which is further away.
Examples:
– Je voudrais une baguette s’il vous plaît. -I’d like a baguette please.
– Celle-ci ? -This one?
– Non, celle-là, elle est moins cuite. -No, that one. It’s less brown.
Note: Simple demonstrative pronouns (celui, celle, etc.) are always followed by a complement (celui que, celle qui, ceux de, etc.) Compound demonstrative pronouns (celui-ci, celle-là, etc.) aren’t followed by a complement.
Examples:
– Quelle bouteille veux-tu ? -Which bottle do you want?
– Celle que tu as dans la main / Celle de Victor / Celle-ci / Celle-là. -The one you have in your hand/Victor’s one/This one/That one.
More on demonstrative pronouns here.
3) Asking a question
Asking a question in a foreign language is definitely something you want to more about.
There are 3 main ways to ask a question in French:
• Formal: (question word quand, où, etc) + verb + subject + ?
As-tu un téléphone portable ? Do you have a mobile phone?
Connaissez-vous Victor Hugo ? Do you know Victor Hugo?
Pourquoi as-tu un téléphone portable ? Why do you have a mobile phone?
Où travaillez-vous ? Where do you work?
• Neutral: (question word) + est-ce que + subject + verb + ?
Est-ce que vous connaissez Victor Hugo ? Do you know Victor Hugo?
Est-ce que tu aimes la poésie ? Do you like poetry?
Où est-ce qu’on va aller ce soir ? Where are we going (to go) this evening?Qu’est-ce que vous dites ? What are you saying?
• More informal: subject + verb (+ question word) + ?
Elle travaille chez vous ? Does she work at your place?
Vous connaissez Victor Hugo ? You know Victor Hugo?
Tu pars quand ? When are you leaving?
Vous habitez où à Londres ? Where do you live in London? You live where in London?
More on how to ask questions in French here -and learn new vocabulary while you’re at it!
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4) Pronoms toniques
Pronoms toniques are also called ‘disjunctive’ or ‘stressed’ pronouns.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | c’est moi | c’est nous |
| 2nd person | c’est toi | c’est vous |
| 3rd person | c’est lui / elle | ce sont eux / elles |
Here are the 2 principal uses of them:
• After c’est:– Qui est la plus belle ? – C’est moi ! -Who’s the most beautiful? -I am!• Before pronoms sujets (‘subject pronouns’ such as je, tu, il, etc) in order to emphasize the subject:Marcel est très sympa, mais toi, tu es ennuyeux. Marcel is really nice, but (you) you’re annoying.
Ils sont français, mais vous, vous êtes belges. They’re French, but (you) you’re Belgian.We can also use them after certain verbs which take the preposition à.Je tiens beaucoup à elles I care a lot about them.
Tu ne penses jamais à moi You never think of me.
5) COI pronouns
One of the trickiest rules in the book, especially for beginners. COI (“Complement d’Objet Indirect”) pronouns are usually the equivalent of an indirect object pronouns in English. They replace nouns that follow verbs + à, like parler à, téléphoner à, demander à, répondre à, etc.
Example:
Je parle à mes parents. Je leur parle. I am speaking to my parents. I am speaking to them.
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | tu me manques / cela m’appartient | il nous parle |
| 2nd person | je te dis / il t’obéit | il vous souhaite bon appétit |
| 3rd person | je lui téléphone | tu leur réponds |
Careful: the pronoun lui replaces both feminine and masculine nouns.
Examples:
Je parle à mon mari. Je lui parle ⇒ I’m speaking to my husband. I’m speaking to him.
Je parle à ma femme. Je lui parle. ⇒ I’m speaking to my wife. I’m speaking to her.
More on COI pronouns here.
6)The word “quel” in exclamatory sentences
Quel is an adjective that can be coupled with a noun or adjective to mark an exclamation.
Quelle jolie barbe, Victor ! What a lovely beard, Victor!
Quel mauvais temps ! What awful weather!
Quel must agree with the masculine/feminine and singular/plural nature of the word.
Example :
| Masculine | Feminine | |
| Singular | quel (beau chien !) What a beautiful dog! | quelle (chance !) How lucky! |
| Plural | quels (tableaux magnifiques !) What magnificent paintings! | quelles (belles montagnes !) What beautiful mountains! |
Note: Exclamations using quel are more common without a verb.
Quelle jolie chanson ! What a lovely song!
Qu’elle est jolie cette chanson ! (qu’ + elle + verbe + complément)
More information on the word “quel” in exclamatory sentences here
7) Tu in the impérative
In the present version of the imperative, ER verbs (those verbs that end in ‘-er’) conjugated in the tu form never take an ‘-s’ at the end. This also includes the verb aller.
Tu manges (You eat, you are eating) Mange ! (Eat up!)
Tu écoutes (You listen, you are listening) Écoute ! (Listen!)
Tu vas chez le docteur (You are going to the doctor’s) Va chez le docteur ! (Go to the doctor’s!)
The verbs ouvrir (to open), offrir (to offer), souffrir (to suffer), couvrir (to cover) and cueillir (to gather) also follow this rule (no ‘-s’ at the end of the tu form):
Tu ouvres (You open, you are opening) Ouvre ! (Open up!)
Tu cueilles (You gather, you are gathering) Cueille ! (Gather!)
Tu offres (You offer, you are offering) Offre le cadeau! (Offer the present!)
For all other verbs, we keep the ‘-s’ at the end of the tu form.
Tu fais (You do, you are doing) Fais-le ! (Do it!)
Tu prends (You take, you are taking) Prends ! (Take!)
Tu vois (You see, you are seeing) Vois ! (See!)
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8) Imperative tense
The imperative tense is used for giving orders or instructions, giving advice and forbidding.
Examples:
Écoute-moi ! Listen to me!
Prenez la première rue à droite. Take the first street on the right.
Ne parle pas fort ! Don’t raise your voice!
There are only three cases (or subject pronouns) used in the imperative: tu, nous, and vous. It generally follows the conjugation rules of the present tense, without using the subject.
| Entrer | Venir | Faire |
| Entre | Viens | Fais |
| Entrons | Venons | Faisons |
| Entrez | Venez | Faites |
Note: For verbs ending in –ER, we remove the -s in the tu form.
More about the imperative form.
9) Demonstrative adjectives
When pointing at people or objects in French, we use ce, cette, ces.
| Masculine | Feminine | |
| Singular | Ce livre, cet ami | Cette personne |
| Plural | Ces disques | Ces voitures |
Example:
Est-ce que vous connaissez cette rue ? Do you know this street?
In the masculine form, when the noun starts with a vowel sound (like h, a, e, i, o, u ), we use cet (pronounced as cette).
Example:
Cet homme n’est pas sympa. This man is not nice.
More information on demonstrative adjectives here
10) Subject pronouns
Subject pronouns replace a person or a thing. Just like in the English language, French subject pronouns are given a person and a number, as shown below:
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1st person | Je suis | Nous sommes |
| 2nd person | Tu es | Vous êtes |
| 3rd person | Il / elle / on est | Ils / elles sont |
Example:
“Il a une très jolie barbe.” ⇒ He has a very pretty beard
Note:
• French has 2 forms for ‘you’: tu and vous.
• It also has 2 different forms for ‘they’: ils and elles:
Whilst Ils is used for groups of men and mixed-gender groups, elles is used for groups of women.
• Note also that on and nous (we) share the same meaning in spoken French.
Going further with subject pronouns here
Has this list fulfilled its job of confusing and delighting you at the same time? Improve your French further and try Frantastique, our online French lessons today!
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